YES. LET'S TALK ABOUT
BLACK ON BLACK CRIME
July 23, 2020
The URL of this article for sharing it is https://www.pdrboston.org/let-s-talk-about-black-on-black-cri
[This is adapted from a section of my "Crime and Race"]
Yes, in the United States the risk (probability) that a black person will get murdered by a black person is greater than the risk (probability) that a white person will get murdered by a white person. Here are some relevant numbers for the United States based on 2018-23 statistics.
In 2023 10,470 black people were murdered, versus 7,704 white people murdered. [Source here]
In 2022 the U.S. population (all races) was 333,271,411, 75.5% of whom were white (i.e., 251,619,915) and 13.6% of whom were black (i.e., 45,324,912 ). [Source here]
"In 2018, the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that 81% of white victims were killed by white offenders, and 89% of Black victims were killed by Black offenders." [Source here]
Assuming that nothing relevant substantially changed from 2018 to 2023, the following is approximately true:
Out of 45,324,912 black people, 10,470 were murdered. And out of 251,619,915 white people, 7,704 were murdered.
Since 81% of white victims were killed by white offenders, therefore 6240 whites were killed by whites. Since 89% of black victims were killed by black offenders, therefore 9318 black victims were killed by blacks.
Thus, out of 45,324,912 black people, 9318 were killed by blacks. This means the probability of a black person being killed by a black person is 9318 divided by 45,324,912, which equals 0.0002055823 or .02055823% which rounds to .021%.
Likewise, out of 251,619,915 white people, 6240 were killed by whites. This means the probability of a white person being killed by a white person is 6240 divided by 251,619,915, which equals 0.0000247993 or .00247993% which rounds to .0025%.
Since .021 divided by .0025 is 8.4, therefore the probability that a black person will be murdered by a black person is about 8 times greater than the probability that a white person will be murdered by a white person.
Most homicides are ones in which the perpetrator and victim are the same race: in 2018 only 16% of white victims were killed by black offenders and only 8% of black victims were killed by white offenders, as reported in this USA Today article.
What explains why black on black crime is disproportionately (taking into account the percentage of each race in the population) more prevalent than white on white crime?
Black-on-Black Crime is Caused by Systemic Racial Discrimination Against Non-White People: Here's How it Works:
KEY FACT #1
A great deal of black on black crime is caused by black involvement in the illegal sale of drugs. First, let's be clear why blacks are involved in this illegal business. Here's why.
The minimum wage dead-end menial jobs that are the best jobs many black and Hispanic youths can hope to ever get--jobs that are viewed with great disrespect by all of society including by blacks and Hispanics--are hardly going to seem attractive to many non-whites compared to the allure of dealing drugs, which seems to offer not only much higher pay but also high prestige and a chance to rise up in the "business." Read here about the systemic racial discrimination that limits so many black and Hispanic people to these menial dead end jobs.
The Connection Between ANY Illegal Business and Violent Crime
According to the Justice Department, "Street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs), and prison gangs are the primary distributors of illegal drugs on the streets of the United States." And according to this report, gang activity accounts for an average of 48% of violent crime in most jurisdictions, and up to 90% in some jurisdictions. This 90% figure refers to what is known as "black on black" crime.
The poorest, disproportionately black and Hispanic, people in the United States are told to either accept low paying dead-end jobs that are disrespected by everybody including themselves, or to try to gain wealth and prestige in the illegal gang-controlled drug business which, because it is illegal, can only "do business" (compete for market share/territory and enforce contracts) by violent means, as opposed to relying on the legal state apparatus with its official use of violence (a.k.a. civil as well as criminal "law enforcement") or its credible threat, as legal businesses do.
All illegal businesses--not just those run by blacks or Hispanics--rely on illegal violence or its credible threat; this is illustrated by the notorious violence used by the Jewish gangster Mickey Cohen, the Italian Mafia, and the Irish gangster James 'Whitey' Bulger.
When one of the main businesses in a community is illegal drug sales based on contracts enforced by illegal gang violence, a gang culture glorifying selfishly-motivated violence develops. Youth who want to gain respect in this culture, and in particular gain the respect of the gang in their neighborhood, often try to do so by committing violent robberies against innocent people in the neighborhood, for reasons not necessarily directly related to the drug business. Hence more "crime in the streets" and "black on black" crime.
On top of everything mentioned above, there is the fact that the ruling class itself promotes illegal drugs in the poorest communities, as was revealed by the example of the CIA selling crack-cocaine in black sections of Los Angeles, which even PBS felt obliged to discuss here.
KEY FACT #2
The primary cause of violent behavior against another person is feeling shame (i.e., feeling disrespected) in the eyes of that person and having no non-violent way of obtaining respect in the eyes of that person.
James Gilligan is a psychiatrist who worked with the most violent men--murderers--in Massachusetts prison for many decades, and has written about the causes of their violence. Here is one story from his book, Preventing Violence, that illustrates this cause of violence:
"For example, one African-American man was sent to the prison mental hospital I directed in order to have a psychiatric evaluation before his murder trial. A few months before that, he had had a good job. Then he was laid off at work, but he was so ashamed of this that he concealed the fact from his wife (who was a schoolteacher) and their children, going off as if to work every morning and returning at the usual time every night. Finally, afrer two or three months of this, his wife noticed that he was not bringing in any money. He had to admit the truth, and then his wife fatally said, "What kind of man are you? What kind of man would behave this way?" To prove that he was a man, and to undo the feeling of emasculation, he took out his gun and shot his wife and children. (Keeping a gun is, of course, also a way that some people reassure themselves that they are really men.) What I was struck by, in addition to the tragedy of the whole story, was the intensity of the shame he felt over being unemployed, which led him to go to such lengths to conceal what had happened to him."
In our society based on class inequality and systemic racial discrimination the people at the bottom of society--disproportionately non-white people--are the most disrespected people, they feel the most shame, and they have the least means (such as higher education, a well-paying job, a respectable career) of obtaining respect other than by using a gun.
Furthermore, in the United States more than in other nations the people at the bottom of society are told that it is only their own fault that they are at the bottom because the American Dream says they can rise to the top if they are smart and work hard, so if they don't rise to the top it means they do not deserve any respect.
Gilligan shows in his book that the homicide rate is correlated with the degree of inequality in a society, and that it even goes up and down over time in a given region or nation according to the rise and fall of the unemployment rate and measures of inequality. The explanation is that when people see that they are at the bottom of an unequal society and disrespected for that reason and have no way to gain respect other than with a gun, they are far more likely to use that gun than otherwise. Hence "poor on poor" and, because blacks are disproportionately poor, especially more "black on black" crime.
Most Black Americans, Like Most White Americans, Say They Want Police to Retain Local Presence--Gallup Poll
A 2020 Gallup poll shows that 61% of black (and 71% of white, 59% of Hispanic, and 63% of Asian) Americans say they want the police to spend the same amount of time (not less, and not more) in their community as they currently do. This is not hard to understand. Crime--as in "crime in the streets"--is a real problem and people look to the police for protection against it.
At the same time, the police enforce class inequality and cow working class people into submission to the laws that maintain class inequality. The positive role of the police (protection against "crime in the streets") is, in our current society, attached to its negative role (cowing working class people into submission). In the absence of a movement to abolish class inequality and the police violence that is designed to cow people into submission to it, the only choice people believe they have is to express an opinion about how much policing (with its positive and negative role combined in a "take it or leave it" manner) they want.
For the Black Lives Matter movement to succeed, it needs to address the fact that most black people say they want to keep the same amount of policing in their community, not to "abolish the police." I discuss how the BLM movement can succeed by dealing with this problem effectively in my article, "LET'S FIX THE BIG WEAKNESS IN THE BLM MOVEMENT, BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE."
The Solution to the Problem of Crime, Including Black on Black Crime
The solution to the problem of crime--including "black on black" crime--is an egalitarian society with no rich and no poor, with an economy that is based on everybody being able to work who wants to, and providing everybody who is willing to work according to reasonable ability (no matter how little that may be) everything they need or reasonably desire for free (or equitably rationing scarce things according to need).
In an egalitarian society nobody will feel trapped and forced to choose between abject poverty in a shameful minimum wage dead end job or the lure of escaping poverty and gaining respect by criminal behavior. Far fewer people will feel shamed compared to today. The crime caused by poverty will vanish and be remembered only as a problem of the past, like legal chattel slavery and explicitly racist Jim Crow laws. And the violence caused by shame will be far less.
But in a society like our present one, based on extreme class inequality, in which an upper class treats (in fact, must treat) the rest of us like dirt--especially racial minorities--the poorest people are going to be both shamed and attracted to illegal businesses that rely on criminal violence, and there will be black on black crime.
Furthermore, unlike in an egalitarian society with no rich and no poor and in which possession of enormously more wealth than others would be a red flag marking a person as an illegal hog, in our capitalist society the possession of enormously more wealth than others is perfectly fine as long as it's not obvious it was obtained by breaking capitalist laws. In a capitalist society people know that they have social approval to be a hog. What this means is that somebody who wants to hog socially produced wealth knows that crime really can pay, as long as they can keep secret the fact that their immense wealth from crime was obtained illegally. So illegal drug profits are "laundered" to enable the few who rise to the top of the illegal drug industry to live in extreme luxury without any red flag being raised. This is why the illegal drug industry is so big today. It would collapse in an egalitarian society.
Anti-racists should not avoid the question "What about black on black crime?" We should answer it head on. The true answer is not one that racists want to hear! It is a) that systemic racial discrimination drives many of its victims to try to get rich in the illegal drug industry, which requires using illegal violence instead of relying on the legal violence of the state to enforce contracts and deals; b) that our capitalist society based on class inequality creates a motive for some people to try to get rich in the illegal drug industry, a motive that would not exist in an egalitarian society with no rich and no poor; and c) that the class inequality and systemic racial discrimination of our society cause people at the bottom to feel great shame and many of them, for lack of any way to gain respect other than with a gun, use that gun to get respect by killing somebody in whose eyes they feel unbearable shame.
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For more hard data and analysis of the crime/race connection see the following:
"Incarceration & social inequality" (2010), published by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which states:
"In the last few decades, the institutional contours of American social inequality have been transformed by the rapid growth in the prison and jail population.1 America’s prisons and jails have produced a new social group, a group of social outcasts who are joined by the shared experience of incarceration, crime, poverty, racial minority, and low education. As an outcast group, the men and women in our penal institutions have little access to the social mobility available to the mainstream. Social and economic disadvantage, crystallizing in penal confinement, is sustained over the life course and transmitted from one generation to the next. This is a profound institutionalized inequality that has renewed race and class disadvantage. Yet the scale and empirical details tell a story that is largely unknown.
Though the rate of incarceration is historically high, perhaps the most important social fact is the inequality in penal confinement. This inequality produces extraordinary rates of incarceration among young African American men with no more than a high school education. For these young men, born since the mid-1970s, serving time in prison has become a normal life event.
The influence of the penal system on social and economic disadvantage can be seen in the economic and family lives of the formerly incarcerated. The social inequality produced by mass incarceration is sizable and enduring for three main reasons: it is invisible, it is cumulative, and it is intergenerational. The inequality is invisible in the sense that institutionalized populations commonly lie outside our official accounts of economic well-being. Prisoners, though drawn from the lowest rungs in society, appear in no measures of poverty or unemployment. As a result, the full extent of the disadvantage of groups with high incarceration rates is underestimated. The inequality is cumulative because the social and economic penalties that flow from incarceration are accrued by those who already have the weakest economic opportunities. Mass incarceration thus deepens disadvantage and forecloses mobility for the most marginal in society. Finally, carceral inequalities are intergenerational, affecting not just those who go to prison and jail but their families and children, too."
This article is an extremely interesting discussion of ancient African history that helps to put any discussion of race in more realistic perspective.
This article puts "black on black" crime in perspective.